Impact Factor Calculation

Calculation

In any given year, the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years. For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on average in 2008. The 2008 impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows:

A = the number of times that articles published in that journal in 2006 and 2007, were cited by articles in indexed journals during 2008.

B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. ("Citable items" are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or letters to the editor.)

2008 impact factor = A/B.

(Note that 2008 impact factors are actually published in 2009; they cannot be calculated until all of the 2008 publications have been processed by the indexing agency.)

New journals, which are indexed from their first published issue, will receive an impact factor after two years of indexing; in this case, the citations to the year prior to Volume 1, and the number of articles published in the year prior to Volume 1 are known zero values. Journals that are indexed starting with a volume other than the first volume will not get an impact factor until they have been indexed for three years. Annuals and other irregular publications sometimes publish no items in a particular year, affecting the count. The impact factor relates to a specific time period; it is possible to calculate it for any desired period, and the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) also includes a five-year impact factor.The JCR shows rankings of journals by impact factor, if desired by discipline, such as organic chemistry or psychiatry.

Use

The impact factor is used to compare different journals within a certain field. The ISI Web of Knowledge indexes more than 11,000 science and social science journals.

Impact factor

The impact factor (IF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in the journal. It is frequently used as a proxyfor the relative importance of a journal within its field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for those journals that are indexed in theJournal Citation Reports.

Ranking

n the natural sciences and in the "hard" social sciences, the impact factor is a convenient proxy, measuring the number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal. There are other, possible quantitative factors, such as the overall number of citations, how quickly articles are cited, and the average "half-life" of articles. There also is the question of whether or not any quantitative factor can reflect true prestige; natural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, social science journals in the Social Sciences Citation Index.

In the Anglo-American humanities, there is no tradition (as there is in the sciences) of giving impact-factors that could be used in establishing a journal's prestige. Recent moves have been made by the European Science Foundation to change the situation, resulting in the publication of preliminary lists for the ranking of academic journals in the Humanities.

In some disciplines such as Knowledge management/Intellectual capital the lack of a well-established journal ranking system is perceived as "a major obstacle on the way to tenure, promotion and achievement recognition".^[7] Conversely a significant number of scientists and organizations see the pursuitimpact factor calculations as inimical to the goals of science, and have signed the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment to limit its use.

The categorization of journal prestige in some subjects has been attempted, typically using letters to rank their academic world importance.

We can distinguish three categories of techniques to assess journal quality and develop journal rankings:

• stated preference;
• revealed preference; and
• publication power approaches

Prestige

An academic journal's prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline there are dominant journals that receive the largest number of submissions, and therefore can be selective in choosing their content. Yet, not only the largest journals are of excellent quality

Book reviews

Book reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the research books published by scholars; unlike articles, book reviews tend to be solicited. Journals typically have a separate book review editor determining which new books to review and by whom. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editor's request for a book review, he or she generally receives a free copy of the book from the journal in exchange for a timely review. Publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook and trade book review.

Scholarly articles

Scholarly articles

There are two kinds of article or paper submissions in academia: solicited, where an individual has been invited to submit work either through direct contact or through a general submissions call, and unsolicited, where an individual submits a work for potential publication without directly being asked to do so. Upon receipt of a submitted article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by outside scholars of the editor's choosing who typically remain anonymous. The number of these peer reviewers (or "referees") varies according to each journal's editorial practice — typically, no fewer than two, though sometimes three or more, experts in the subject matter of the article produce reports upon the content, style, and other factors, which inform the editors' publication decisions. Though these reports are generally confidential, some journals and publishers also practice public peer review. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, or accept the article for publication. Even accepted articles are often subjected to further (sometimes considerable) editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take from several weeks to several months.

Academic Journal

An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, and book reviews. The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Scientific journals and journals of the quantitative social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and qualitative social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed.

कर्ज उतारना है तो इन्हें जरूर आजमाएं कर्ज मुक्ति के लिए इन बातों का रखें ध्यान

कर्ज उतारना है तो इन्हें जरूर आजमाएं

कर्ज मुक्ति के लिए इन बातों का रखें ध्यान

किसी महीने की कृष्ण पक्ष की 1 तिथि, शुक्ल पक्ष की 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 पूर्णिमा व मंगलवार के दिन उधार दें और बुधवार को कर्ज लें।

JOBS IN RAILWAY FOR IT/CS

भारत सरकार के रेलवे मंत्रालय के तहत आने वाले सेंटर फॉर रेलवे इंफॉर्मेशन सिस्टम (सीआरआईएस) में असिस्टेंट इंजीनियर के पद पर भर्तियां निकली हैं. रिक्तियां दो पदों पर निकली हैं असिस्टेंट सॉफ्टवेयर इंजीनियर (एसएसई) और असिस्टेंट नेटवर्क इंजीनियर (एएनई). असिस्टेंट सॉफ्टवेयर इंजीनियर के पद पर 40 और असिस्टेंट नेटवर्क इंजीनियर के पद पर 15 वैकेंसी निकली हैं. रजिस्ट्रेशन 16 जून, 2014 से शुरू होंगे. इसकी अंतिम तिथि 6 जुलाई, 2014 है.

आयु संबंधी योग्यता
दोनों पदों के लिए उम्मीदवार को न्यूनतम आयुसीमा 22 वर्ष और अधिकतम आयुसीमा 27 वर्ष निर्धारित की गई है. एससी-एसटी वर्ग के उम्मीदवारों को आयु में 5 वर्ष और ओबीसी वर्ग के उम्मीदवारों को 3 वर्ष की छूट दी गई है.

शैक्षिक योग्यता
असिस्टेंट सॉफ्टवेयर इंजीनियर
B.E/B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering or Computer Science or Computer Technology or 

Information Technology

 or Computer Applications, or MCA or B.Sc (Computer Science and Engineering -4 Year degree course) with min 60% marks or equivalent CGPA (55% for SC/ST/PwD candidates); and GATE Scores as specified.

असिस्टेंट नेटवर्क इंजीनियर
B.E./B.Tech in Electronics or Electronics & Communication, or Electronics & Telecommunication with min 60% marks or equivalent CGPA (55% for SC/ST/PwD candidates): and GATE Scores as specified. 

सैलरी
वेतनमान के तौर पर 9,300-34,800 रुपये + ग्रेड पे 4600 + डीए व अन्य भत्ते. शुरुआती मासिक सैलरी लगभग 35,000 रुपये होगी.

कैसे होगा सेलेक्शन
उम्मीदवारों का चयन GATE 2014 (ग्रेजुएट एप्टीट्यूड टेस्ट इन इंजीनियरिंग) के आधार होगा.
ये भर्तियां 5 साल के कॉन्ट्रेक्ट पर निकाली गई हैं.

यूं करें आवेदन
इन पदों पर आवेदन केवल ऑनलाइन भरा जाएगा. पंजीकरण के पहले चरण को पूरा करने की अंतिम तिथि 6 जुलाई, 2014 और दूसरे चरण को पूरा करने की अंतिम तिथि 15 जुलाई, 2014 है. एसबीआई में एप्लीकेशन फीस जमा कराने की अंतिम तिथि 10 जुलाई, 2014 है. आवेदन करने और इससे सबंधित अधिक जानकारी के लिए आप इस वेबसाइट पर जा सकते हैं- http://www.crisrecruitment2014.org.in/

और भी... http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/jobs-centre-for-railway-information-system-notified-recruitment-for-55-posts-of-ase--ane-2014-1-767704.html

Section 509 in The Indian Penal Code

Central Government Act

Section 509 in The Indian Penal Code

509. Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman.—Whoever, intending to insult the modesty of any woman, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object, intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen, by such woman, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

Section 506 in The Indian Penal Code

Section 506 in The Indian Penal Code

506. Punishment for criminal intimidation.—Whoever commits, the offence of criminal intimidation shall be punished with imprison­ment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both; If threat be to cause death or grievous hurt, etc.—And if the threat be to cause death or grievous hurt, or to cause the destruction of any property by fire, or to cause an offence punishable with death or 1[imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years, or to impute, unchastity to a woman, shall be punished with imprison­ment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, or with fine, or with both.

Section 504 in The Indian Penal Code

Central Government Act

Section 504 in The Indian Penal Code

504. Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the peace.—Whoever intentionally insults, and thereby gives provoca­tion to any person, intending or knowing it to be likely that such provocation will cause him to break the public peace, or to commit any other offence, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

Section 354 in The Indian Penal Code

Central Government Act

Section 354 in The Indian Penal Code

354. Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.—Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

The most likely reason for the Manali tragedy

“Hydro-electric projects in India have become potential killers because of the mismanagement and lack of transparency in the reservoir management. The information on the current water-level in the reservoir, how much water is released on a particular day and time, etc. is not available in public domain. Water is released without prior warning, lives are lost, but no one is punished for the wrong operations,” says Himanshu Thakkar, coordinator of the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP). Also, there is no legally enforceable mechanism or participatory system to involve local people, who face the brunt of such projects, in reservoir management. Such a mechanism should be a part of the EIA [Environment Impact Assessment] process of all dam projects,” he adds.